![]() ![]() In conductors on a circuit board, they move at something approaching the speed of light, something like 1/2 to 2/3 the speed of light. In a vaccum, they move at the speed of light. Lumped element circuit models assume that changes in voltage and current happen at all elements in a circuit at the same time.Įlectromagnetic waves propagate very quickly. Lumped element circuit models are as opposed to distributed element circuit models and basically mean circuit models that do not take into account the time it takes for electromagnetic waves to propagate over distance. These are Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, and they apply to all lumped element circuit models. Gustav Kirchhoff was a German physicist who lived from 1824 to 1887, and he gave us two important laws for electric circuits. Electrical Engineering educational website
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